TY - JOUR
T1 - Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
T2 - A selective overview
AU - Biederman, Joseph
N1 - Funding Information:
Dr. Joseph Biederman receives research support from the following sources: Shire Laboratories Inc and Eli Lilly & Company, Pfizer Pharmaceutical, New River Pharmaceuticals, Cephalon Pharmaceutical, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Neurosearch Pharmaceuticals, Stanley Medical Institute, the Lilly Foundation, the Prechter Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse. He is a speaker for the following speaker’s bureaus: Eli Lilly & Company, Pfizer Pharmaceutical, Novartis Pharmaceutical, Wyeth Ayerst, Shire Laboratories Inc, McNeil Pharmaceutical, and Cephalon Pharmaceutical. He is on the advisory board for the following pharmaceutical companies: Eli Lilly & Company, CellTech, Shire Laboratories Inc, Novartis Pharmaceutical, Noven Pharmaceutical, McNeil Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer Pharmaceutical, and Cephalon Pharmaceuticals.
Funding Information:
Aspects of this work were presented at the conference, “Advancing the Neuroscience of ADHD,” February 28, 2004, in Boston, Massachusetts. The conference was sponsored by the Society of Biological Psychiatry through an unrestricted educational grant from McNeil Consumer & Specialty Pharmaceuticals.
PY - 2005/6/1
Y1 - 2005/6/1
N2 - Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a multifactorial and clinically heterogeneous disorder that is associated with tremendous financial burden, stress to families, and adverse academic and vocational outcomes. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is highly prevalent in children worldwide, and the prevalence of this disorder in adults is increasingly recognized. Studies of adults with a diagnosis of childhood-onset ADHD indicate that clinical correlates - demographic, psychosocial, psychiatric, and cognitive features - mirror findings among children with ADHD. Predictors of persistence of ADHD include family history of the disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, and psychosocial adversity. Family studies of ADHD have consistently supported its strong familial nature. Psychiatric disorders comorbid with childhood ADHD include oppositional defiant and conduct disorders, whereas mood and anxiety disorders are comorbid with ADHD in both children and adults. Pregnancy and delivery complications, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and adverse family environment variables are considered important risk factors for ADHD. The etiology of ADHD has not been clearly identified, although evidence supports neurobiologic and genetic origins. Structural and functional imaging studies suggest that dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical pathways, as well as imbalances in the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD. Medication with dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity seems to reduce ADHD symptoms by blocking dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake. Such alterations in dopaminergic and noradrenergic function are apparently necessary for the clinical efficacy of pharmacologic treatments of ADHD.
AB - Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a multifactorial and clinically heterogeneous disorder that is associated with tremendous financial burden, stress to families, and adverse academic and vocational outcomes. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is highly prevalent in children worldwide, and the prevalence of this disorder in adults is increasingly recognized. Studies of adults with a diagnosis of childhood-onset ADHD indicate that clinical correlates - demographic, psychosocial, psychiatric, and cognitive features - mirror findings among children with ADHD. Predictors of persistence of ADHD include family history of the disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, and psychosocial adversity. Family studies of ADHD have consistently supported its strong familial nature. Psychiatric disorders comorbid with childhood ADHD include oppositional defiant and conduct disorders, whereas mood and anxiety disorders are comorbid with ADHD in both children and adults. Pregnancy and delivery complications, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and adverse family environment variables are considered important risk factors for ADHD. The etiology of ADHD has not been clearly identified, although evidence supports neurobiologic and genetic origins. Structural and functional imaging studies suggest that dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical pathways, as well as imbalances in the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD. Medication with dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity seems to reduce ADHD symptoms by blocking dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake. Such alterations in dopaminergic and noradrenergic function are apparently necessary for the clinical efficacy of pharmacologic treatments of ADHD.
KW - Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
KW - Comorbidity
KW - Dopamine
KW - Function
KW - Genetics
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=20444402618&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020
DO - 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020
M3 - Review article
C2 - 15949990
AN - SCOPUS:20444402618
SN - 0006-3223
VL - 57
SP - 1215
EP - 1220
JO - Biological Psychiatry
JF - Biological Psychiatry
IS - 11
ER -