Abstract
Excessive fat depots, especially abdominal adiposity, exert deleterious cardiometabolic effects whereas physical exercise and good cardiorespiratory fitness globally exert a favourable influence. Therefore, the negative effects of excessive fat mass ("fatness") might be counterbalanced by the positive effects of regular physical activity leading to high "fitness". The present article first analyzes the various pathophysiological mechanisms explaining why muscular exercise exerts beneficial effects in overweight people and attempts to separate the effects of physical activity from those due to fitness. Finally, it describes most important studies focusing on the relationships between "fitness" and "fatness" in non-diabetic overweight or obese adults and their respective influences on metabolic disturbances (metabolic syndrome) and on death rate, especially cardiovascular mortality.
| Translated title of the contribution | Fitness versus fatness: Pathophysiological aspects and metabolic consequences in non-diabetic adults |
|---|---|
| Original language | French |
| Pages (from-to) | 291-298 |
| Number of pages | 8 |
| Journal | Medecine des Maladies Metaboliques |
| Volume | 4 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - May 2010 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Adiposity
- Exercise
- Fatness
- Fitness
- Metabolic syndrome
- Obesity
- Pathophysiology
Access to Document
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Fitness versus fatness: Pathophysiological aspects and metabolic consequences in non-diabetic adults'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.Cite this
- APA
- Author
- BIBTEX
- Harvard
- Standard
- RIS
- Vancouver
}
In: Medecine des Maladies Metaboliques, Vol. 4, No. 3, 05.2010, p. 291-298.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Aptitude physique versus adiposité
T2 - aspects physiopathologiques et impacts cardio-métaboliques chez le sujet adulte non diabétique
AU - Esser, N.
AU - Paquot, N.
AU - Scheen, A. J.
N1 - Funding Information: 1 Esser N, Paquot N, Scheen AJ. Sujets « métaboliquement sains », bien qu’obèses. 1 re partie : diagnostic, physiopathologie et prévalence. Obésité 2009;4:56-65. 2 Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1092-7. 3 Lee DC, Sui X, Blair SN. Does physical activity ameliorate the health hazards of obesity? Br J Sports Med 2009;43:49-51. 4 Fogelholm M. Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review. Obes Rev 2009 Sep 9: [Epub ahead of print]. 5 Olds TS, Ridley K, Tomkinson GR. Declines in aerobic fitness: are they only due to increasing fatness? Med Sports Sci 2007;50:226-40. 6 Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1423-34. 7 Esser N, Paquot N, Scheen AJ. Sujets « métaboliquement sains », bien qu’obèses. 2ème partie : Pronostic et prise en charge. Obésité 2009;4:134-41. 8 Esser N, Paquot N, Scheen AJ. Aptitude physique versus adiposité : impacts métaboliques respectifs chez l’enfant/adolescent et chez la personne âgée. Médecine des maladies métaboliques 2010 : in press. 9 Esser N, Paquot N, Scheen AJ. Aptitude physique versus adiposité : impacts cardio-métaboliques respectifs chez le sujet adulte obèse avec diminution de tolérance au glucose ou diabète de type 2. Médecine des maladies métaboliques 2010 : in press. 10 Wang Y, Simar D, Fiatarone Singh MA. Adaptations to exercise training within skeletal muscle in adults with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009;25:13-40. 11 Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Effets bénéfiques de l’activité physique sur les facteurs de risque cardio-vasculaire. Rev Med Liège 2001;56:239-43. 12 Holt HB, Wild SH, Wareham N, et al. Differential effects of fatness, fitness and physical activity energy expenditure on whole-body, liver and fat insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2007;50:1698-706. 13 Freedland ES. Role of a critical adipose tissue threshold (CVATT) in metabolic syndrome: implication of controlling dietary carbohydrates: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2004;1:12. 14 Viollet B, Guigas B, Leclerc H, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase in the regulation of hepatic energy metabolism: from physiology to therapeutic perspectives. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009;19:681-98. 15 Reaven G. All obese individuals are not created equal: insulin resistance is the major determinant of cardiovascular disease in overweight/obese individuals. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2005;2:105-12. 16 Messier V, Malita FM, Rabasa-Lhoret R, et al. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a Montreal Ottawa New Emerging Team study. Metabolism 2008;57:1293-8. 17 Kay SJ, Fiatarone Singh MA. The influence of physical activity on abdominal fat: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 2006;7:183-200. 18 Ohkawara K, Tanaka S, Miyachi M, et al. A dose-response relation between aerobic exercise and visceral fat reduction: systematic review of clinical trials. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:1786-97 [Erratum in: Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:395]. 19 Ekelund U, Franks PW, Sharp S, et al. Increase in physical activity energy expenditure is associated with reduced metabolic risk independent of change in fatness and fitness. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2101-6. 20 O’Donovan G, Thomas EL, McCarthy JP, et al. Fat distribution in men of different waist girth, fitness level and exercise habit. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009;33:1356-62. 21 Lee S, Kuk JL, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates metabolic risk independent of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in men. Diabetes Care 2005;28:895-901. 22 Rocha VZ, Libby P. Obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2009;6:399-409. 23 Hamer M. The relative influences of fitness and fatness on inflammatory factors. Prev Med 2007;44:3-11. 24 Campbell PT, Campbell KL, Wener MH, et al. A yearlong exercise intervention decreases CRP among obese postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:1533-9. 25 Clarkson P, Montgomery HE, Mullen MJ, et al. Exercise training enhances endothelial function in young men. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1379-85. 26 Delp MD. Effects of exercise training on endothelium-dependent peripheral vascular responsiveness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:1152-7. 27 Lippincott MF, Carlow A, Desai A, et al. Relation of endothelial function to cardiovascular risk in women with sedentary occupations and without known cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:348-52. 28 Wray DW, Uberoi A, Lawrenson L, Richardson RS. Evidence of preserved endothelial function and vascular plasticity with age. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;290:H1271-7. 29 Pialoux V, Brown AD, Leigh R, et al. Effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on vascular regulation and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. Hypertension 2009;54:1014-20. 30 Hamer M, Boutcher YN, Boutcher SH. Fatness is related to blunted vascular stress responsivity, independent of cardiorespiratory fitness in normal and overweight men. Int J Psychophysiol 2007;63:251-7. 31 Klein S, Burke LE, Bray GA, et al; American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Clinical implications of obesity with specific focus on cardiovascular disease: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 2004;110:2952-67. 32 Gelber RP, Gaziano JM, Orav EJ, et al. Measures of obesity and cardiovascular risk among men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:605-15. 33 Klein S, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB, et al; Association for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention; NAASO; Obesity Society; American Society for Nutrition; American Diabetes Association. Waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk: a consensus statement from shaping America’s health: Association for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention; NAASO, the Obesity Society; the American Society for Nutrition; and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1647-52. 34 Fogelholm M, van Marken Lichtenbelt W. Comparison of body composition methods: a literature analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:495-503. 35 Sidney JM, Blümchen G. Metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and evaluation of functional capacity. Clin Cardiol 1990;13:555-65. 36 Murphy MH, Blair SN, Murtagh EM. Accumulated versus continuous exercise for health benefit: a review of empirical studies. Sports Med 2009;39:29-43. 37 Sisson SB, Katzmarzyk PT, Earnest CP, et al. Volume of exercise and fitness nonresponse in sedentary, postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:539-45. 38 Papathanasiou G, Georgoudis G, Georgakopoulos D, et al. Criterion-related validity of the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire against exercise capacity in young adults. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009 Nov 24: [Epub ahead of print]. 39 Chan CB, Ryan DA, Tudor-Locke C. Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers. Prev Med 2004;39:1215-22. 40 Jouannot P. VO2 max: technique et importance pratique. Presse Méd 2001;30:835-40. 41 Ekblom-Bak E, Hellénius ML, Ekblom O, et al. Independent associations of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness with cardiovascular risk in adults. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010;17:175-80. 42 Sassen B, Cornelissen VA, Kiers H, et al. Physical fitness matters more than physical activity in controlling cardiovascular disease risk factors. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16:677-83. 43 Murphy MH, Nevill AM, Murtagh EM, Holder RL. The effect of walking on fitness, fatness and resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials. Prev Med 2007;44:377-85. 44 Brien SE, Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT. Cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic syndrome: US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2002;32:143-7. 45 Church TS, Finley CE, Earnest CP, et al. Relative associations of fitness and fatness to fibrinogen, white blood cell count, uric acid and metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:805-13. 46 Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Janssen I, et al. Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and mortality: impact of cardiorespiratory fitness. Diabetes Care 2005;28:391-7. 47 Balkau B, Mhamdi L, Oppert JM, et al; EGIR-RISC Study Group. Physical activity and insulin sensitivity. The RISC Study. Diabetes 2008;57:2613-8. 48 Lee CD, Jae SY, Iribarren C, et al. Physical fitness and carotid atherosclerosis in men. Int J Sports Med 2009;30:672-6. 49 Lee CD, Jackson AS, Blair SN. US weight guidelines: is it also important to consider cardiorespiratory fitness? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22(Suppl.2):S2-S7. 50 Barlow CE, Kohl HW 3 rd , Gibbons LW, Blair SN. Physical fitness, mortality and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995;19(Suppl.4):S41-S44. 51 Wei M, Kampert JB, Barlow CE, et al. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. JAMA 1999;282:1547-53. 52 Haapanen-Niemi N, Miilunpalo S, Pasanen M, et al. Body mass index, physical inactivity and low level of physical fitness as determinants of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality-16 y follow-up of middle-aged and elderly men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1465-74. 53 McAuley PA, Sui X, Church TS, et al. The joint effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity on mortality risk in men with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2009;22:1062-9. 54 McAuley PA, Kokkinos PF, Oliveira RB, et al. Obesity paradox and cardiorespiratory fitness in 12,417 male veterans aged 40 to 70 years. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85:115-21. 55 Jakicic JM. The effect of physical activity on body weight. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(Suppl.3):S34-8. 56 Larson-Meyer DE, Redman L, Heilbronn LK, et al. Caloric restriction with or without exercise: the fitness versus fatness debate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42:152-9. 57 Oja P, Bull FC, Fogelholm M, Martin BW. Physical activity recommendations for health: what should Europe do? BMC Public Health 2010;10:10. 58 Diaz VA, Player MS, Mainous AG 3rd, et al. Competing impact of excess weight versus cardiorespiratory fitness on cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:1468-71. 59 Ekblom-Bak E, Hellenius ML, Ekblom O, et al. Fitness and abdominal obesity are independently associated with cardiovascular risk. J Intern Med 2009;266:547-57. 60 Byun W, Sieverdes JC, Sui X, et al. Effect of positive health factors and all-cause mortality in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; Feb 4. [Epub ahead of print].
PY - 2010/5
Y1 - 2010/5
N2 - Excessive fat depots, especially abdominal adiposity, exert deleterious cardiometabolic effects whereas physical exercise and good cardiorespiratory fitness globally exert a favourable influence. Therefore, the negative effects of excessive fat mass ("fatness") might be counterbalanced by the positive effects of regular physical activity leading to high "fitness". The present article first analyzes the various pathophysiological mechanisms explaining why muscular exercise exerts beneficial effects in overweight people and attempts to separate the effects of physical activity from those due to fitness. Finally, it describes most important studies focusing on the relationships between "fitness" and "fatness" in non-diabetic overweight or obese adults and their respective influences on metabolic disturbances (metabolic syndrome) and on death rate, especially cardiovascular mortality.
AB - Excessive fat depots, especially abdominal adiposity, exert deleterious cardiometabolic effects whereas physical exercise and good cardiorespiratory fitness globally exert a favourable influence. Therefore, the negative effects of excessive fat mass ("fatness") might be counterbalanced by the positive effects of regular physical activity leading to high "fitness". The present article first analyzes the various pathophysiological mechanisms explaining why muscular exercise exerts beneficial effects in overweight people and attempts to separate the effects of physical activity from those due to fitness. Finally, it describes most important studies focusing on the relationships between "fitness" and "fatness" in non-diabetic overweight or obese adults and their respective influences on metabolic disturbances (metabolic syndrome) and on death rate, especially cardiovascular mortality.
KW - Adiposity
KW - Exercise
KW - Fatness
KW - Fitness
KW - Metabolic syndrome
KW - Obesity
KW - Pathophysiology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77953748784&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/S1957-2557(10)70062-6
DO - 10.1016/S1957-2557(10)70062-6
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:77953748784
SN - 1957-2557
VL - 4
SP - 291
EP - 298
JO - Medecine des Maladies Metaboliques
JF - Medecine des Maladies Metaboliques
IS - 3
ER -