Anogenital distance: A marker of steroidal endocrine disruption

Shanna H. Swan; David M. Kristensen

doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.64379-9

Anogenital distance: A marker of steroidal endocrine disruption

Shanna H. Swan, David M. Kristensen

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › peer-review

5 Scopus citations

Abstract

Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the anus to the genitals, is easily and reliably measured. It is 50%-100% longer at birth in males than females of most mammalian species. In rodents and humans, shorter male AGD is associated with cryptorchidism and hypospadias, reduced sperm count and infertility. AGD is under hormonal influence during fetal development and has long been used as an early marker of reproductive toxicity. Consistent with animal studies, multiple human studies have demonstrated a shorter AGD in males exposed to environmental anti-androgens. For these reasons, AGD has become a uniquely valuable metric in endocrine disruptor research.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Encyclopedia of Reproduction
Publisher	Elsevier
Pages	588-593
Number of pages	6
ISBN (Electronic)	9780128151457
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.64379-9
State	Published - 1 Jan 2018

Keywords

Anogenital distance (AGD)
Anti-androgen
Endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC)
Male programming window (MPW)

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title = "Anogenital distance: A marker of steroidal endocrine disruption",

abstract = "Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the anus to the genitals, is easily and reliably measured. It is 50%-100% longer at birth in males than females of most mammalian species. In rodents and humans, shorter male AGD is associated with cryptorchidism and hypospadias, reduced sperm count and infertility. AGD is under hormonal influence during fetal development and has long been used as an early marker of reproductive toxicity. Consistent with animal studies, multiple human studies have demonstrated a shorter AGD in males exposed to environmental anti-androgens. For these reasons, AGD has become a uniquely valuable metric in endocrine disruptor research.",

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AB - Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the anus to the genitals, is easily and reliably measured. It is 50%-100% longer at birth in males than females of most mammalian species. In rodents and humans, shorter male AGD is associated with cryptorchidism and hypospadias, reduced sperm count and infertility. AGD is under hormonal influence during fetal development and has long been used as an early marker of reproductive toxicity. Consistent with animal studies, multiple human studies have demonstrated a shorter AGD in males exposed to environmental anti-androgens. For these reasons, AGD has become a uniquely valuable metric in endocrine disruptor research.

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Anogenital distance: A marker of steroidal endocrine disruption

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