A framework of care in multiple sclerosis, part 2: Symptomatic care and beyond

The Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC) convened a Framework Taskforce composed of a multidisciplinary group of clinicians and researchers to examine and evaluate the current models of care in multiple sclerosis (MS). The methodology of this project included analysis of a needs assessment survey and an extensive literature review. The outcome of this work is a two-part continuing education series of articles. Part 1, published previously, covered the updated disease phenotypes of MS along with recommendations for the use of disease-modifying therapies. Part 2, presented herein, reviews the variety of symptoms and potential complications of MS. Mobility impairment, spasticity, pain, fatigue, bladder/bowel/sexual dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric issues are examined, and both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions are described. Because bladder and bowel symptoms substantially affect health-related quality of life, detailed information about elimination dysfunction is provided. In addition, a detailed discussion about mental health and cognitive dysfunction in people with MS is presented. Part 2 concludes with a focus on the role of rehabilitation in MS. The goal of this work is to facilitate the highest levels of independence or interdependence, function, and quality of life for people with MS.